ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem is a dynamic system because it always happens perubahanperubahan
continuously marked by the flow of energy ,
recycled materials , and ecosystem productivity .

Figure 10.4 Note ! Energy source derived from an ecosystem
from sunlight , either directly or indirectly . grow -
plants as producers need the light to
the process of photosynthesis , in which most of the energy is shifting
to consumers in the form of food and I , then moving
again to consumers II and III .

If producers and consumers die , will be organic waste .
The litter decomposition of microbial decomposition
so that it becomes humus soil , partly decomposes into gas or minerals .
At this point , the material in the form of gas or minerals exploited
again by the plants ( producers ) .

Thus , it can be seen that the energy flow in contrast to
material flow . Material flow is cyclical , while energy flow is
towards one direction , ie to the level of microbes .


a. The sun as energy source
   Just imagine , if in this planet there is no sun !
   How is she? Can be ascertained circumstances darkness earth
   all time and cold . Sun's heat and light energy issue .

   With the light energy , the earth became bright and the earth became warm
   because of the heat . Therefore , we must give thanks to God
   Almighty for this creation .

   The sun's rays are photons ( light energy ) emitted into the universe
   highway in the form of electromagnetic waves , but only a fraction
   are up on the surface of the Earth , which is about 10.5 × 106 kj m - 2 yr - 1 . from
   amount of radiant energy of sunlight , about 5 × 106 kj m - 2 yr - 1 , or about
   45 % are up in the earth , about 40 % is reflected into space again by
   Earth's atmosphere , and only about 15 % are absorbed to warm
   Earth's atmosphere , particularly the ozone layer and air humidity ( water vapor ) .

   Approximately 45 % of the sunlight that falls on the earth's surface , approximately
   30 % is reflected back and heats the atmosphere , and the rest around
   15 % can be used as an energy source for the components of the ecosystem
   on the surface of the earth . Thus , the existence of any ecosystem in
   Earth's surface are bound by the current flow or energy derived from light
   the sun is one-way .

b . Energy Flow
   Directly or indirectly , any energy source ecosystem
   derived from sunlight converted by green plants ( autotrophs )
   into chemical energy in the form of organic matter ( food ) through a process
   photosynthesis .

   In the process of photosynthesis , the energy form of light energy is converted into
   chemical energy and move on to the consumer I, II , and III , which ended in
   decomposition process . In the decomposition process , this energy is released in
   the form of heat , and then dispersed into the environment and can not be used
   again . Consider again Figure 10.4 ! In case this happens feed lines and
   edible , namely the producers are eaten by consumers first , then
   I eaten consumer consumer II , II edible consumer consumers III . event
   This is referred to as the food chain .

1 ) Food Chain
  As you know interdependence between producers and
  consumer looks at the events of eating and being eaten . Energy in the form of
  food will move from higher organisms to other organisms
  the lower level through a series of organisms feed on organisms
  previously and as a provider of food for organisms
  The next is called a food chain .

  In general , the type of food chain
  divided into three kinds , namely as follows .

a) Food Chain Perumput
   In this type , the food chain begins with plants , then
   1 trophy level occupied by green plants ( producers ) , level 2 trophy
   occupied by herbivores ( consumer 1 ) , level 3 trophy occupied by carnivores
   ( consumer 2 ) , and so on .
 
b ) Detritus Food Chain
    Food chain originated in this type of decomposer organisms .
    Remember back , a crushed detritus ( fragments ) of the materials
    '   ve unraveled consumed small animals such as termites , worms
    land , sea cucumbers , and so on .


c ) Parasites Food Chain
    On the type of parasite food chain , there is a smaller organism that
    larger prey organisms .



2 ) Net - Net Food
    Biotic components of the description above , in each level of consumer
    seemed as if every organism or eaten by consuming only one
    other kinds of organisms , but in fact the situation in the ecosystem
   more complex .

   Why is that ? This happens because each organism
   can take in one level of the consumer or the consumer level
   others in the ecosystem known as the food chain and between rantairantai
   The food is related to each other , known as
   food web as shown in Figure 10.5 .
 

   The series of events and meals eaten in an ecosystem are not
   simple food chain . As shown in Figure 10.5 , it turns out
   consumers do not only depend on the type of food , otherwise
   one type of food can be eaten by more than one type of consumer .


3 ) Ecological Pyramid
   We all know , that the biotic components of the
   ecosystem food chain occupies a certain trophy levels , such as
   occupies the first trophy producer , herbivore occupies the trophy
   second , ranks the third trophy carnivores , and so on .

   When the organisms autotrophs ( producers ) are eaten by herbivores ( consumers I) ,
   the energy stored in the producers ( plants ) to move the body
   I consumers ( pemakannya ) and consumer II will get energy from eating
   consumer first , and so on .

   Each level of the food chain is called a level trophy . there is
   some extent the level of the trophy in the following food chain .
a) Level 1 standard of trophies : the organism from producer groups ( primary producers )
b ) Level 2 standard trophy : organisms from the class of herbivores ( primary consumers )
c ) Level 3 trophy level : organisms from the class of carnivores ( secondary consumers )
d ) Level 3 trophy level : organisms from the class of carnivores ( consumers predator )

   In the food chain , not all the energy can be utilized ,
   but only partially experienced displacement from one organism
   to other organisms , because in the process of transformation of the organism
   one organism to another there is some energy is released and not
   can be utilized . For example , green plants as producers occupy
   standard first trophy that only use about 1 % of all
   energy sunlight that falls on the surface of the earth through photosynthesis
   are converted into organic matter .

   If green plants eaten
   other organisms ( primary consumers ) ,
   then only 10 % of energy derived
   of green plants utilized
   by the organism for growth
   and the rest are relegated
   in the form of waste heat to the atmosphere .


  Thus , the energy
   available for the trophy level
   food chain as follows : the
   trophy high level , the
   slightly so as to form a pyramid called ecological pyramids ,
   as in Figure 10.6 . During a manufacturer and konsumenkonsumen
   still form a pyramid , then the balance of nature in
   ecosystem will be maintained .

There are 3 kinds of ecological pyramid is as follows .
a) Number Pyramid
   Pyramid number is the number of organisms that are in the
   an area ( area ) and classified certain calculated based
   level trophy . To illustrate the amount stated in the pyramid
   rectangular shape that is proportional to the extent of describing or
   number of organisms in a particular area .


   In the pyramid number , class
   organisms which is at the level
   have a higher number of organisms
   more than the level
   organisms underneath. pyramid
   can be described as
   the picture on the side .

   At the rate I have a number of trophies
   greater than the level II and level trophies trophy II more
   large compared with the trophy level III .

b ) Pyramid Weight ( Biomass )
   The use of pyramids number change often due to circumstances
   environment , it is used for heavy pyramid ( biomass ) .
 

   Pyramid weight ( biomass ) is
   EFW organisms
   representing every level trophy with
   how each individual was weighed and
   amounts recorded in an ecosystem .
   For example, biomass plants
   measured weight of roots , stems , and leaves
   who occupies a particular area . pyramid
   biomass made ​​by
   total weight of the population at a time .

   Unit used is the total weight of organisms in a unit weight
   ( g / kg ) given per unit area ( m² or ha ) are usually measured in
   dry weight . To measure biomass entirely , conducted sampling technique
   ( footage ) to estimate entirely .

   Interpretation of the pyramid of biomass requires a lot of time and
   equipment to perform the weighing of individuals and noted
   number. Use of this pyramid is not satisfactory because of the form of the
   changeable. It depends on the climate and energy transfer
   some will be lost , which is used for respiration or as heat
   coming into the biosphere .

c ) Energy Pyramid
    Energy pyramid can be used in a longer period of time.
    This pyramid has several advantages , which can take into account
    production speed , the same weight of the two species do not have to have energy
    Similarly, it can be used to compare different ecosystems ,
    the solar energy input is added .

Energy pyramid illustrates the amount of energy stored in the
6 years organic compound used as a food ingredient . unit
energy is expressed in calories per m² per unit time ( kal/m2/th ) .