SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

A . Various State Government System
Governance system is a combination of two terms , namely " the system " and " governance " . System is a whole of some parts that have functional relationships , both between the parts and the structural relationships that lead to a dependency relationship . Governance in its broadest sense is all matters undertaken by the state in carrying out the people's welfare and the interests of the state . Government in the narrow sense is the activity or activities organized by the president or prime minister to the lowest level of bureaucracy level.
1 . Presidential System of Government
Presidential system of governance starts from the concept of separation of powers, as recommended by the trias politica . This system requires the separation of powers expressly , particularly among holders of executive power bodies and legislative bodies of power holders . The main characteristics of the presidential system of government as follows .
~ Position the head of state ( the president ) is the head of state
And as the chief executive ( government )
~ President and parliament elected by the people through elections
General so there will be the president come from political parties
Different political parties in parliament
~ President and Parliament can not affect each other ( dropped )
~ President can not be dismissed by the House of Representatives in his tenure
But if the president committed any act that violates
Law , the president may be subject to impeachment ( court DPR )
~ In order to construct the cabinet ( ministers ) , the president shall ask
The approval of Parliament .
~ The ministers are appointed by the president and subject to
Responsible to the president
UNITED STATES
The executive branch consists of the president and their ministers are servants . President called the " Chief Executive " . Formally and in accordance with the principles of classical Trias Politica , the president is completely separate from the legislature and shall not affect the organization and the organization of the work of Congress . During his tenure of 4 years or 8 years , the president can not be imposed by Congress , but he too does not have the authority to dissolve Congress . President can influence Congress through the State Address ( State of the Union Message ) are spoken each year at the opening session . Every draft law prepared by the government and submitted to Congress .
PAKISTAN
Pakistanmemulai independence period with a parliamentary system similar to the system in the UK . However , when it was led by General Ayub Khan , began a presidential system of government with a strong executive . According dasarPakistanyang Act applies , the executive branch consists of the president of the Islamic religion and its ministers . The prime minister is the servant and should not concurrently be a member of the legislative body . President has the authority to veto a bill that has been accepted by the legislature . This veto by the legislature can be canceled if the bill was received again by him with the majority of 2/3 vote. Instead , the president can propose a bill that diissue -kan it to a referendum . In addition , the president has the authority to dissolve the legislature .
2 . Parliamentary Government System
In a parliamentary system, the relationship between the executive and judicial branches are very close . This is due to the minister responsible for the parliament . Each cabinet is formed must gain the support confidence from parliament . Thus , government policies or cabinet should not deviate from what is desired by parlemen.Adabeberapa the characteristics of parliamentary system of government is as follows .
~ There is a close relationship between the executive and the legislature , even
Between the two influence each other .
~ Executive headed by the prime minister formed by
Parliament of the political parties that meduduki seat
Majority in parliament
~ The head of state serves as the head of state not only as
Chief executive or government
~ Known ministerial accountability mechanisms to
Parliament may dissolve the parliament resulting or
Dropping the " vote of no confidence " to the cabinet if accountability
The answer to the implementation of government by ministers
Either individually or collectively can not be accepted
by parliament
~ King / Queen or the President is the head of state
~ Executive is responsible to the legislature
~ In the systems of the two parties , which is designated as forming cabinet
And the prime minister is the head of the political party that won
elections
~ If there is a dispute between the cabinet to parliament , the head of
The state will dissolve parliament
ENGLAND

       The executive branch consists of the king only as part of the executive branch that is not inviolable . Symbolic of royal power , while power is actually the hands of the prime minister . England is famous as the place of origin of the principle of ministerial responsibility , but in the UK is still shaped convention . The principle is that the minister or the entire cabinet is no longer earned the trust of the legislature should resign . Thus , the lifetime of a cabinet depends on the support of the legislature . In contrast to other countries that force kebanyakkan parliamentary system .
INDIA
KetatanegaraanIndiaagak system similar to the British system of government and also was a Cabinet Government . The executive branch consists of a president as head of state and ministers led by a prime minister . The president is elected for a period jabatanlimatahun by members of the legislature , both the center and the states of the country . ParlementergayaCabinet government system can work well when Prime Minister Nehru and the Congress Party to take control over political life . On June 1975 was forced to declare a "state of emergency " and since that time the Indian government held a variety of restrictions on the activities of political actors and the media activity so as not to interfere with their development efforts .
3 . Presidential and Parliamentary Cabinet System
Executive bodies , as one organ of government , usually called a council of ministers or cabinet . Council of Ministers usually consists of several ministries or departments . Cabinet can be divided into several types on the basis of :
Cabinet responsibility
~ Cabinet Ministerial , the executive cabinet duties
Accounted for by the ministers .
~ Presidential Cabinet , which is an executive cabinet duties
Accounted for by the President .
Cabinet formation
~ Parliamentary Cabinet , the Cabinet interfered pembentukkannya
Parliament , especially by a fraction that has a voice .
~ Cabinet Ekstraparlemen , which is a cabinet that pembentukkannya
Outside Parliament intervened .
B. Implementation of Effective Governance System in Indonesia
Constitutional development can be divided into several periods , since the time of the proclamation of independence August 17, 1945 until now . Although the actual milestone ketatanegaraanIndonesiatelah existed long before the proclamation . Formally the constitutional development period can be broken down as follows :

    1. the period of enactment of the 1945 Constitution ( August 18 1945-27 December 1949 )
    2. Constitutional validity period RIS 1949 ( 27 December 1949-17 August 1950 )
    3. validity period of Provisional Constitution of 1950 ( 17 August 1950-5 July 1959 )
    4. re-enactment of the 1945 period ( July 5, 1959 - present ) . At even this period is divided into several periods :
        A. Order a long period ( July 5 1959-11 March 1966 )
        B. New Order period ( 11 March 1966-21 May 1998 )
    5. Reform period ( May 21, 1998 -present )